Perineural low dexamethasone dose as adjuvant in supraclavicular brachial plexus block for arteriovenous fistula creation in end stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background and aims: Dexamethasone as adjunct to local anesthetic solution improves the quality of brachial plexus block (BPB). However, evidence for its efficacy at low doses (< 4 mg) is lacking. This study was designed to evaluate the duration of analgesia attained with low dose dexamethasone as adjuvant to local anesthetic for creation of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) under BPB. Methods: Sixty-six patients scheduled for AVF creation were randomly allocated to receive either saline (control) or 2 mg dexamethasone, together with 0.5% ropivacaine and 0.2% lignocaine. The primary outcome was duration of analgesia, defined as time from performing the block to the first analgesic request. The secondary outcomes were time from injection to complete sensory block, time from injection to complete motor block, duration of motor block, postoperative analgesic consumption, and fistula patency at three months. Results: All the blocks were effective. In the group that received dexamethasone, the time to first analgesic request was significantly delayed (432 ± 43.8 minutes vs. 386.4 ± 40.2 minutes; p < 0.01). The onset of sensory and motor blockade occurred faster in dexamethasone group and overall analgesic consumption was also reduced. However, dexamethasone addition did not prolong the duration of motor block. There was no statistically significant difference in the patency of fistulas between the two groups at three months. (p = 0.34). Conclusion: Addition of low-dose perineural dexamethasone to local anesthetic solution significantly prolonged the duration of analgesia. Further trials are warranted to compare the adverse effects between dexamethasone doses of 4 mg and lower.

Tratamiento de comunicaciones bucosinusales y buconasales: Reporte de cinco casos de diferente etiología / Treatment of oroantral and oronasal communications: report of five cases with different etiology

Objetivo: Las comunicaciones bucosinusales y buco- nasales son condiciones patológicas que se caracterizan por la presencia de una solución de continuidad entre la cavidad bucal y el seno maxilar o la cavidad nasal respectivamente. Una vez que se ha instalado una comunicación es deseable ce- rrar este defecto, evitando así la infección del seno maxilar y posibles dificultades en la deglución, fonación y masticación. Se han propuesto diferentes tratamientos para su resolución, algunos no quirúrgicos y otros quirúrgicos. Los quirúrgicos pueden realizarse desplazando tejidos locales, regionales o injertando. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar situaciones clínicas de comunicaciones bucosinusales y buco- nasales con diferentes etiologías y sus distintos tratamientos según tamaño y ubicación del defecto. Casos clínicos: Se identificaron pacientes que asistie- ron al Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Piñero presentando cuatro comunicaciones bucosinusales agudas y crónicas y una comunicación buconasal crónica. Los casos analizados fueron tratados de manera quirúrgica utilizando di- versos colgajos según tamaño y ubicación del defecto (AU)

Aim: Oroantral and oronasal communications are patho- logical conditions characterized by the presence of a solu- tion of continuity between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus or nasal cavity respectively. Once a communication has been installed, it is desirable to close this defect, thus avoid- ing infection of the maxillary sinus and possible difficulties in swallowing, phonation, and mastication. Different treatments have been proposed for its resolution, some non-surgical and others surgical. Surgical procedures can be performed by dis- placing local or regional tissue or by grafting. The aim of this case report is to present clinical situations of oral sinus and oral nasal communication with different etiologies and their different treatments according to the size and location of the defect. Clinical cases: A group of patients who attended the Maxillofacial Surgery Service of Piñero Hospital presenting four acute and chronic oral sinus and one oronasal communi- cations were identified. The analyzed cases were treated sur- gically using different flaps according to the size and location of the defect (AU)

The efficacy of porcine dermal collagen to treat complex anal fistulae: results of a multicenter cohort

Introduction: The management of complex anal fistulae remains a topical surgical problem. The choice and success of surgical management are based on the balance between healing and continence. Although porcine dermal collagen (Permacol Collagen Paste [PCP]- Covidien plc, Gosport, Hampshire, UK) represents a new generation of non-solid biomaterials, its results in anal fistulae are mixed. Methods: A multicenter observational retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with cryptoglandular anal fistula treated in four colorectal surgery units was performed between 2015 and 2020. Clinical cure of the fistula was the main outcome measure. Adverse events and alterations in anal continence were secondary outcomes. Results: The study included 119 patients (87 males, 71.1%), with a mean age of 53 years (IR 44-65). Most patients had complex (80.6%) and recurrent (91.6%) fistulae. With the first PCP treatment, the overall cure rate was 41.2% (49 patients) and 45.4% with the second treatment (5 out of 17 patients). The mean follow-up period was 17 months (IR 5-25). Healing was not affected by the location and type of fistula, the existence or not of a cavity, the number of tracts, or the administration of prophylactic antibiotics. After the PCP treatment, no patient in the series had worsening of continence. Morbidity affected 22.7% of the patients (27), with postoperative abscesses being the most frequent adverse event. There were no statistical differences between the four hospitals studied. Conclusions: Permacol collagen paste is a safe and easily reproducible therapy for complicated anal fistulae that has moderate efficacy. The overall success rate is slightly over 40%, with no detriment to fecal continence. (AU)

Carcinoma espinocelular sobre cicatriz de fístula arteriovenosa: relato de caso / Squamous cell carcinoma on an arteriovenous fistula scar: case report

Resumo A fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) é o principal acesso para hemodiálise devido à sua patência superior e menores índices de complicação quando comparada aos demais acessos para hemodiálise. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 69 anos, com doença renal crônica dialítica secundária a nefroesclerose hipertensiva com FAV radio-cefálica no membro superior esquerdo realizada há 9 anos. Há 2 anos, foi submetida a transplante renal e fazia uso de imunossupressores. Evoluiu com aparecimento de lesão crostosa em antebraço esquerdo há 3 meses, foi submetida a biópsia excisional, e foi evidenciado carcinoma espinocelular bem diferenciado e superficialmente invasivo, com margens cirúrgicas laterais e profundas livres de neoplasia. No seguimento de 1 ano, a paciente não apresentava sinais de recidiva neoplásica.

Abstract The main type of access used for hemodialysis is the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) because it offers superior patency and lower complication rates when compared to other hemodialysis accesses. We report the case of a 69-year-old female patient with chronic kidney disease on dialysis secondary to hypertensive nephrosclerosis with a radiocephalic AVF in the left upper limb created 9 years previously. Two years previously, she had undergone a kidney transplant and was taking immunosuppressants. A crusted lesion developed on her left forearm with onset 3 months before presentation and she underwent an excisional biopsy that revealed a well-differentiated and superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma, with lateral and deep surgical margins free from neoplasia. At 1-year follow-up, the patient showed no signs of neoplastic recurrence.

Management of complex fistula-in-ano by interception of fistula track with application of ksharasutra (IFTAK): a novel technique

Objective: Despite all the technological advances, successful management of complex fistula-in-ano is still a challenge due to recurrence and incontinence. The present study evaluates the outcomes of a novel technique, Interception of Fistula Track with Application of Ksharasutra (IFTAK) in terms of success rate and degree of incontinence. Methods: In the present prospective study, 300 patients with complex fistula-inano were treated by the IFTAK technique, whose surgical steps include: incision at the anterior or posterior midline perianal area, identification and interception of the fistulous track at the level of the external sphincter, rerouting the track (and extensions) at the site of interception, and application of a ksharasutra (medicated seton) in the proximal track (from the site of interception to the internal opening) that is laid open gradually, with the resulting wound healing with minimum scarring. The distal track is allowed to heal spontaneously. Results: There were 227 transsphincteric and 73 intersphincteric varieties of fistula with supralevator extension in 23 cases, of which 130 were recurrent fistulas, 29 had horseshoe track, while 25 had blind fistula with no cutaneous opening. The mean duration of the ksharasutra application was 8.11 ± 3.86 weeks with an overall success rate of 93.33% at the 1-year follow-up. A total of 3.67% of the cases reported with a mild impairment of continence on the Wexner incontinence scoring system. Pre- and postoperative anal manometry evaluation showed minimal reduction in median basal and squeeze pressures. Conclusion: The IFTAK technique is a minimally invasive, daycare surgical procedure for the management of complex fistula-in-ano with low recurrence and minimal sphincter damage. (AU)

Preoperative risk factors associated with anastomotic leakage after colectomy for colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Fatores de risco pré-operatórios associados à fístula anastomótica após colectomia para câncer colorretal: revisão sistemática e metanálise

ABSTRACT Introduction: anastomotic leak (AL) after colectomy for colorectal cancer (CRC) is a life-threatening complication. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the preoperative risk factors for AL in patients submitted to colectomy. Methods: the bibliographic search covered 15 years and 9 months, from 1st January 2005 to 19th October 2020 and was performed using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Europe PMC and Web of Science databases. The inclusion criteria were cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies on preoperative risk factors for AL (outcome). The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for bias assessment within studies. Meta-analysis involved the calculation of treatment effects for each individual study including odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with construction of a random-effects model to evaluate the impact of each variable on the outcome. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: cross-sectional studies were represented by 39 articles, cohort studies by 21 articles and case-control by 4 articles. Meta-analysis identified 14 main risk factors for AL in CRC patients after colectomy, namely male sex (RR=1.56; 95% CI=1.40-1.75), smoking (RR=1.48; 95% CI=1.30-1.69), alcohol consumption (RR=1.35; 95% CI=1.21-1.52), diabetes mellitus (RR=1.97; 95% CI=1.44-2.70), lung diseases (RR=2.14; 95% CI=1.21-3.78), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (RR=1.10; 95% IC=1.04-1.16), coronary artery disease (RR=1.61; 95% CI=1.07-2.41), chronic kidney disease (RR=1.34; 95% CI=1.22-1.47), high ASA grades (RR=1.70; 95% CI=1.37-2.09), previous abdominal surgery (RR=1.30; 95% CI=1.04-1.64), CRC-related emergency surgery (RR=1.61; 95% CI=1.26-2.07), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (RR=2.16; 95% CI=1.17-4.02), radiotherapy (RR=2.36; 95% CI=1.33-4.19) and chemoradiotherapy (RR=1.58; 95% CI=1.06-2.35). Conclusions: important preoperative risk factors for colorectal AL in CRC patients have been identified based on best evidence-based research, and such knowledge should influence decisions regarding treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: fístula anastomótica (FA) após colectomia para câncer colorretal (CCR) é complicação grave. Esta revisão sistemática e meta-análise avaliou os fatores de risco pré-operatórios para FA em pacientes submetidos à colectomia. Métodos: a pesquisa bibliográfica abrangeu 15 anos e 9 meses (1 de janeiro de 2005 - 19 de outubro de 2020), sendo utilizadas as plataformas PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Europe PMC e Web of Science. O critério de inclusão foram estudos transversais, coorte e caso-controle em fatores de risco pré-operatórios para FA (desfecho). A escala Newcastle-Ottawa foi usada para avaliação de viés dos estudos. A metanálise envolveu o cálculo dos efeitos de tratamento para cada estudo individualmente incluindo odds ratio (OR), risco relativo (RR) e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) com construção de modelo de efeitos aleatórios, para avaliar o impacto de cada variável (p<0,05). Resultados: foram selecionados 39 estudos transversais, 21 coortes e quatro casos-controle. A metanálise identificou 14 fatores de risco para FA em pacientes com CCR após colectomia, que são sexo masculino (RR=1,56; IC 95%=1,40-1,75), tabagismo (RR=1,48; IC 95%=1,30-1,69), alcoolismo (RR=1,35; IC 95%=1,21-1,52), diabetes mellitus (RR=1,97; IC 95%=1,44-2,70), doenças pulmonares (RR=2,14; IC 95%=1,21-3,78), doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (RR=1,10; IC 95%=1,04-1,16), doença coronariana (RR=1,61; IC 95%=1,07-2,41), doença renal crônica (RR=1,34; IC 95%=1,22-1,47), altas notas na escala ASA (RR=1,70; IC 95%=1,37-2,09), cirurgia abdominal prévia (RR=1,30; IC 95%=1,04-1,64), cirurgia de emergência (RR=1,61; IC 95%=1,26-2,07), quimioterapia neoadjuvante (RR=2,16; IC 95%=1,17-4,02), radioterapia (RR=2,36; IC 95%=1,33-4,19) e quimiorradioterapia (RR=1,58; IC 95%=1,06-2,35). Conclusões: importantes fatores de risco pré-operatórios para FA colorretais em pacientes com CCR foram identificados com base nas melhores pesquisas baseadas em evidências e esse conhecimento deve influenciar decisões relacionadas ao tratamento.

Surgical Treatment of Carotid-cavernous Fistula Performed through the Brazilian Unified Health System

Introduction The carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between the arterial carotid system and the cavernous sinus. In most cases, spontaneous fistulas are due to the rupture of intracavernous carotid artery aneurisms. Traumatic fistulas occur in 0.2% of head injuries, and 75% of all CCFs are caused by automobile accidents or penetrating traumas. Objective To identify the data regarding the number of annual procedures, hospital expenses, length of hospital stay, and the number of deaths of patients admitted by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym), in the period between 2007 and 2017, using the surgical code of the surgical treatment for CCF. Methods The present was an ecological study whose data were obtained by consulting the database provided by the Department of Computer Sciences of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Datasus, in Portuguese). Results A total of 85 surgical procedures were performed for the treatment of CCFs from January 2007 to October 2017 through the Unified Health System (SUS, in Portuguese), and there was a reduction of 71.42% in this period. The annual incidence of patients undergoing this surgical treatment during the period observed remained low, with 1 case per 13,135,714 in 2007, and 1 case per 51,925,000 in 2017. Conclusion Despite the low annual incidence of the surgical treatment of CCFs performed by the SUS in Brazil in the period of 2007­2017, based on the data obtained on the average length of stay and expenditures in hospital services, it is necessary that we develop an adequate health planning.

Cuidados com o acesso vascular para hemodiálise: revisão integrativa / Care with vascular access routes for hemodialysis: integrative

Introdução: As complicações relacionadas ao acesso vascular para hemodiálise podem resultar em intervenções complexas, contudo, cuidados adotados pelos profissionais de saúde e pacientes adultos podem evitá-las. Objetivou-se analisar a produção científica acerca dos cuidados com acessos vasculares utilizados na hemodiálise para elaboração do conteúdo de uma cartilha educativa voltada ao autocuidado do paciente. Método: Revisão integrativa de literatura realizada nas bases de dados: LILACS, PUBMED, BDENF, SciELO e CINAHL. A busca dos estudos deu-se entre setembro e novembro de 2019, nos idiomas português, inglês ou espanhol, utilizando os termos dos DeCS e MeSH. A seleção dos artigos foi realizada por três pesquisadores e foram extraídas informações: país, ano de publicação, delineamento do estudo, número de pacientes, intervenções, desfechos e nível de evidência científica. Selecionaram-se 10 artigos processados no software IRAMUTEQ® e analisados descritivamente pelo modelo de Reinert. Resultados: Organizaram-se sete classes: Cuidados com o cateter após a hemodiálise; Cuidados com a FAV antes da hemodiálise; Cuidados com a FAV após a hemodiálise; Cuidados para evitar a interrupção do funcionamento da FAV; Autocuidado dos pacientes com a FAV; Cuidados realizados pela equipe de enfermagem; Conhecimento do paciente acerca dos cuidados com a pele e punção da FAV. Conclusão: Identificou-se que os cuidados com os acessos vasculares mais frequentes se relacionam com a fístula arteriovenosa, demonstrando sua grande representatividade no tratamento do paciente com doença renal crônica. A síntese do conhecimento proporcionada nesta revisão foi utilizada para a elaboração de uma cartilha educativa já validada por especialistas e por pacientes que realizam hemodiálise.

Introducción: Las complicaciones relacionadas con el acceso vascular a la hemodiálisis pueden resultar en intervenciones complejas, sin embargo, los cuidados prestados por los profesionales de la salud y los pacientes adultos pueden evitarlas. El objetivo es analizar la producción científica sobre los cuidados con accesos vasculares utilizados en la hemodiálisis para la elaboración del contenido de una cartilla educativa para el autocuidado del paciente. Método: Revisión integrativa de la literatura realizada en las bases de datos: LILACS, PUBMED, BDENF, SciELO y CINAHL. La búsqueda de los estudios se realizó entre septiembre y noviembre de 2019, en los idiomas portugués, inglés o español, utilizando los términos del DeCS y MeSH. La selección de los artículos fue realizada por tres investigadores y se extrajo la información: país, año de publicación, diseño del estudio, número de pacientes, intervenciones, resultados y nivel de evidencia científica. Se seleccionaron diez artículos procesados en el software IRAMUTEQ® y analizados descriptivamente mediante el modelo de Reinert. Resultados: Se organizaron siete clases: Cuidados del catéter después de la hemodiálisis; Cuidados de la FAV antes de la hemodiálisis; Cuidados de la FAV después de la hemodiálisis; Cuidados para evitar la interrupción del funcionamiento de la FAV; Autocuidado del paciente con la FAV; Cuidados realizados por el equipo de enfermería; Conocimiento del paciente sobre el cuidado de la piel y la punción de la FAV. Conclusión: Se identificó que los cuidados con los accesos vasculares más frecuentes se relacionan con la fístula arteriovenosa, y su gran representatividad en el tratamiento del paciente con enfermedad renal crónica. La síntesis del conocimiento proporcionada en esta revisión se utilizó para la elaboración de una cartilla educativa ya validada por especialistas y por pacientes que realizan hemodiálisis.

Introduction: Complications related to vascular access for hemodialysis can result in complex interventions, however, care taken by health professionals and adult patients can avoid them. The objective was to analyze the scientific production about care with vascular access used in hemodialysis for the development of the content of an educational booklet aimed at patient self-care. Method: Integrative literature review carried out in the following databases: LILACS, PUBMED, BDENF, SciELO and CINAHL. The search for studies took place between September and November 2019, in Portuguese, English or Spanish, using the terms of DeCS and MeSH. The selection of articles was performed by three researchers and information was extracted: country, year of publication, study design, number of patients, interventions, outcomes and level of scientific evidence. Ten articles processed in the IRAMUTEQ® software and descriptively analyzed using the Reinert model were selected. Results: Seven classes were organized: Catheter care after hemodialysis; Care of the AVF before hemodialysis; Care with AVF after hemodialysis; Care to avoid interruption of AVF operation; Self-care of patients with AVF; Care performed by the nursing team; Patient knowledge about skin care and AVF puncture. Conclusion: It was identified that the care with the most frequent vascular accesses is related to the arteriovenous fistula, demonstrating its great representation in the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease. The synthesis of knowledge provided in this review was used to prepare an educational booklet that has already been validated by specialists and by patients undergoing hemodialysis.

The use of seton as a bridge to definitive ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract procedure for fistula-in-ano: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: There is still controversy over the usefulness of seton placement prior to the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) surgery in the management of anal fistula. Objective: To evaluate the impact of preoperative seton placement on the outcomes of LIFT surgery for the management of fistula-in-ano. Design: systematic review and meta-analysis. Data Sources: A search was performed on the MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases. Study Selection: Original studies without language restriction reporting the primary healing rates with and without seton placement as a bridge to definitive LIFT surgery were included. Intervention: The intervention assessed was the LIFT with and without prior seton placement. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome was defined as the primary healing rate with and without the use of seton as a bridge to definitive LIFT surgery. Results: Ten studiesmet the criteria for systematic review, all retrospective,with a pooled study population of 772 patients. There were no significant differences in the percentages of recurrence between patients with and without seton placement (odds ratio [OR] 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73-1.43: p=0.35). The I2 value was 9%, which shows the homogeneity of the results among the analyzed studies. The 10 included studies demonstrated a weighted average overall recurrence of 38% (interquartile range [IQR] 27-42.7%), recurrence with the use of setonwas 40%(IQR26.6-51.2%), and without its use, the recurrence rate was 51.3% (IQR 31.3-51.3%) Limitations: The levels of evidence found in the available literature were relatively fair, as indicated after qualitative evaluation using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) evidence levels. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggests that the placement of seton as a bridge treatment prior to LIFT surgery does not significantly improve long-term anal fistula healing outcomes. Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract surgery can be performed safely and effectively with no previous seton placement. International prospective register of systematic reviews-PROSPERO registration number: CDR42020149173. (AU)

Evaluation of fistulotomy with immediate sphincteric reconstruction in the treatment of high transsphincteric perianal fistula

Background: High perianal fistula treatment remains challenging, mainly due to the variability in success and recurrence rates as well as continence impairment risks. So far, no procedure can be considered the gold standard for surgical treatment. Yet, strong efforts to identify effective and complication-free surgical options are ongoing. Fistulotomy can be considered the best perianal fistula treatment option, providing a perfect surgical field view, allowing direct access to the source of chronic inflammation. Controversy exists concerning the risk of continence impairment associated with fistulotomy. The present study aimed to assess the outcomes of fistulotomy with immediate sphincteric reconstruction regaring fistula recurrence, incontinence, and patient satisfaction. Methods: This interventional study was performed at the General Surgery Department of Zagazig University Hospital during the period from July 2018 to December 2019 on 24 patients with a clinical diagnosis of high transsphincteric fistula-in-ano. The fistulous tract was laid open over the probe placed in the tract. After the fistula tract had been laid open, the tract was curetted and examined for secondary extensions. Then, suturing muscles to muscles, including the internal and external sphincters, by transverse mattress sutures. Results: Our study showed that 2 patients develop incontinence to flatus ~ 8.3%.and only one patient develop incontinence to loose stool, 4.2%. Complete healing was achieved in 83% and recurrence was 16.6%. Conclusion: Fistulotomy with immediate sphincteric reconstruction is considered to be an effective option in the management of high perianal fistula, with low morbidity and high healing rate with acceptable continence state. (AU)

Ruptura espontánea de absceso hepático del lóbulo izquierdo en hemitórax derecho / Spontaneous rupture of liver abscess of the left lobe in the right hemithorax

Introducción: La extensión transdiafragmática del absceso hepático piógeno constituye un caso raro de empiema pleural. Es una enfermedad de progresión rápida y con altas tasas de mortalidad, cercanas al 100 por ciento si no se trata a tiempo. Objetivo: Describir el caso de una paciente con empiema pleural derecho, secundario a ruptura de absceso piógeno del lóbulo hepático izquierdo. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 70 años de edad que acude al cuerpo de guardia con fiebre, dolor abdominal, síndrome general. La tomografía computadorizada mostró absceso hepático el lóbulo izquierdo con licuefacción casi total y posteriormente presentó como complicación un empiema torácico derecho. La paciente fue tratada con drenaje con sonda pleural. A pesar de los tratamientos antibióticos y quirúrgicos oportunos la paciente fallece en shock séptico. Conclusiones: Se reporta un caso raro de empiema secundario a absceso hepático del lóbulo izquierdo. La demora de la paciente en acudir a instituciones de salud conllevó al fallecimiento de la paciente a pesar del tratamiento antibiótico y quirúrgico(AU)

Introduction: The transdiaphragmatic extension of the pyogenic liver abscess constitutes a rare case of pleural empyema. It is a rapidly progressive disease with high mortality rates close to 100 percent if it is not treated in time. Objective: To describe the case of a patient with right pleural empyema secondary to a ruptured pyogenic abscess of the left hepatic lobe. Clinical case: A 70-year-old female patient who came to emergency with fever, abdominal pain and general syndrome. The computed tomography scan showed a liver abscess in the left lobe with almost total liquefaction, and later a right thoracic empyema was a complication. The patient was treated with chest tube drainage. Despite timely antibiotic and surgical treatments, the patient died of septic shock. Conclusions: A rare case of empyema secondary to liver abscess of the left lobe is reported. The delay of the patient in going to health institutions led to the death of the patient despite antibiotic and surgical treatment(AU)

Is the Fistula First Approach still valid? / Abordagem Fistula First: ainda válida?

ABSTRACT The Fistula First Breakthrough Initiative, founded in 2003, was responsible for changing the access profile in the United States, increasing the prevalence of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) by 50% and reducing that of arteriovenous grafts (AVGs). However, the concept that AVFs are always the best access for all patients has been challenged. Discussion points are: (1) the questionable survival benefit of AVFs over AVGs, if one takes into account the high rates of primary AVF failure; (2) the potential benefits of using AVGs for greater primary success; and (3) the questionable benefit of AVFs over AVGs in patients with shorter survival, such as the elderly. The high rate of primary failure and maturation procedures leads to prolonged use of catheters, and it is one of the weaknesses of the fistula first strategy. AVGs proved to be better than AVFs as a second access after the failure of a first AVF, and in patients with non-ideal vessels, with greater primary success and reduced catheter times. AVGs appear to have a similar survival to AVFs in patients older than 80 years, with less primary failures and interventions to promote maturation. The most recent KDOQUI guidelines suggest an individualized approach in access planning, taking into account life expectancy, comorbidities and individual vascular characteristics, with the aim of chosing adequate access for the right patient, at the right time, for the right reasons.

RESUMO A Fistula First Breakthrough Initiative, fundada em 2003, foi responsável pela mudança do perfil dos acessos nos Estados Unidos, aumentando em 50% a prevalência das fístulas arteriovenosas (FAVs) e reduzindo a de enxertos arteriovenosos (EAVs). No entanto, o conceito de que as FAVs são sempre o melhor acesso para todos os pacientes vem sofrendo questionamentos. São pontos de discussão: (1) o questionável benefício de sobrevida das FAVs sobre os EAVs, se levadas em conta as altas taxas de falência primária das FAVs; (2) os potenciais benefícios no uso de EAVs pelo maior sucesso primário; e (3) o benefício questionável das FAVs sobre os EAVs em pacientes com menor sobrevida, como os idosos. A alta taxa de falência primária e de procedimentos para maturação leva ao uso prolongado de cateteres e é um dos pontos fracos da estratégia "Fistula First". Os EAVs mostraram superioridade em relação às FAVs como segundo acesso após a falência de uma primeira FAV e em pacientes com vasos não ideais, com maior sucesso primário e redução dos tempos de cateter. Os EAVs parecem ter sobrevida semelhante à das FAVs nos idosos acima de 80 anos, com menos falências primárias e intervenções para maturação. As diretrizes mais recentes do KDOQUI sugerem uma abordagem individualizada no planejamento dos acessos, levando-se em conta expectativa de vida, comorbidades e características vasculares individuais, com o objetivo de indicar acesso adequado para o paciente adequado, no tempo adequado, pelos motivos adequados.

Caracterización de los pacientes con fístulas arterio-venosas para hemodiálisis / Characterization of patients with arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis

Introducción: La insuficiencia renal crónica es una enfermedad frecuente que requiere del uso vital de la hemodiálisis, procedimiento común en los pacientes que la padecen, por lo cual resulta necesario disponer de un acceso vascular adecuado. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con fístulas arterio-venosas para hemodiálisis en el Hospital Clínico-Quirúrgico "General Freyre de Andrade". Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo en 88 pacientes con fístulas arterio-venosas. Se recogieron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, tipo de acceso vascular, localización, complicaciones inmediatas y tardías, y procedimiento corrector. El período de estudio abarcó desde enero de 2018 hasta enero de 2019. Resultados: Se les realizaron a los pacientes un total de 88 fístulas arterio-venosas. Predominó el sexo masculino (67 por ciento). Prevaleció el grupo de edades de 50 a 59 años (36,4 por ciento). La fístula arterio-venosa humero-cefálica (48,9 por ciento) resultó el procedimiento más realizado. El hematoma, la trombosis y la infección fueron las complicaciones inmediatas con mayor frecuencia (3,4 por ciento). De las complicaciones tardías, predominó la trombosis (3,4 por ciento), mientras que la trombectomía prevaleció como procedimiento corrector (37,5 por ciento). Conclusiones: Como parte del acceso vascular, la fístula humero-cefálica presentó los mejores resultados en cuanto a permeabilidad y durabilidad. Por otra parte, la fístula humero-humeral constituyó una alternativa cuando no se pudieron usar las venas cefálica y basílica a nivel del pliegue del codo(AU)

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is a frequent condition that demands the vital use of hemodialysis, a common procedure in patients who suffer from it; therefore, it is necessary to have adequate vascular access. Objective: To characterize patients with arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis at General Freyre de Andrade Clinical-Surgical Hospital. Methods: A descriptive-retrospective study was carried out in 88 patients with arteriovenous fistulas. The following variables were selected: age, sex, type of vascular access, location, immediate and late complications, and corrective procedure. The study period covered from January 2018 to January 2019. Results: A total of 88 arteriovenous fistulas were approached among all the patients. The male sex predominated (67 percent). The age group 50-59 years (36.4 percent) prevailed. The procedure for creating a humeral cephalic arteriovenous fistula (48.9 percent) was the most performed. Hematoma, thrombosis and infection were the immediate complications with the highest frequency (3.4 percent). Among late complications, thrombosis prevailed (3.4 percent); while thrombectomy prevailed as a corrective procedure (37.5 percent). Conclusions: As part of vascular access, the procedure for creating humeral cephalic fistula presented the best outcome in terms of patency and durability. On the other hand, the procedure for creating the humeral fistula was an alternative when the cephalic and basilic veins could not be used at the level of the elbow crease(AU)

Angioaccesos para hemodiálisis en el trasplante renal: implicaciones hemodinámicas sobre el corazón izquierdo / Angioaccess for hemodialysis in kidney transplantation: hemodynamic implications for the left heart

Las complicaciones cardiovasculares representan la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, por lo que el objetivo de este artículo es demostrar la influencia de la permanencia de la fístula arteriovenosa sobre variables eco cardiográficamente mensuradas en el corazón izquierdo. Para ello, se definió un estudio multivariable, longitudinal, prospectivo y controlado de grupos independientes después de una intervención que incluyó 39 pacientes a los que se le cerró el angioacceso (grupo de estudio) y 42 que no fueron expuestos a la cirugía (grupo control). Ambos grupos exhibían trasplante renal funcionante. Los principales resultados surgenal comparar el predominio entre el grupo de estudio con el de control, la edad promedio; 45,6 y 44,1 años, el sexo masculino, 24 (60%) y 23 (53,5%) y el color de la piel blanca; 33 (82,5%) y 32 (74,4%). La etiología de la nefropatía originaria más frecuente fue la nefropatía vascular hipertensiva; 12 (30%) vs 14 (32,6%). Entre las manifestaciones clínicas, en el grupo de estudio se evidenció remisión de las palpitaciones y la disnea de esfuerzo. Respecto a la tensión arterial, para la sistólica oscilaba; de 123 ±13,4 a 120,5 ±9,2 vs de 125,6 ±8,4 a 128 ±8,3 mm Hg (p= 0,000), mientras la diastólica variaba de; 76,8 ±7,5 a 76,3 ±6,2 vs 78,6 ±4,9 a 82,4 ±3,9 mm Hg (p= 0,000). El hematocrito comportaba valores equivalentes; 0,43 ±0,06 y 0,45 ±0,06 vs 0,42 ±0,05 y 0,42 ±0,06 l/l (p= 0,035) y la creatinina sérica mostró descenso en los pacientes intervenidos de; 106,8 ± 26,2 hasta 99,8 ±23,9 µ Mol/l vs 114 ±27,8 a 120,3 ±31 µ Mol/l (p= 0,002). Las variables ecocardiográficas mensuradas comparativamente según la localización de los angioaccesos a nivel del codo izquierdo; diámetro del ventrículo izquierdo: 3,12 ±4,08 vs 1,48 ±3,46 mms (p=0,001), fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo: 2,99 ±5,47 vs -1,98 ±6,23 % (p=0,018) y el volumen telediastólico: -23 ±33,41 vs 10,86 ±36,87 ml (p=0,006). El codo contralateral revelaba; para la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo: 3,32 ±3,42 vs -2,18 ±4,78 % (p=0,037) y para el gasto cardíaco: -1,29 ±0,88 vs -0,26 ±0,86 l/min (0,020). Las conclusiones demuestran que el cierre del angioacceso a pacientes con trasplante renal funcionante respecto a los no intervenidos, contribuye a la regresión de las alteraciones morfológicas y hemodinámicas constatadas por ecocardiografía transtorácica en el corazón izquierdo a nivel de las diferentes localizaciones de los accesos vasculares.

Cardiovascular complications represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic renal disease, so the objective of this article is to demonstrate the influence of the patency of the arteriovenous fistula on echocardiographic variables measured in the left heart. For this, a multivariate study, longitudinal, prospective and controlled study of independent groups after an intervention that included 39 patients who had their angioaccess closed (study group) and 42 who were not exposed to surgery (control group). Both groups exhibited functional kidney transplantation. The main results emerge when comparing the prevalence between the study group and the control group, the average age; 45.6 and 44.1 years, the male sex, 24 (60%) and 23 (53.5%) and the white skin color; 33 (82.5%) and 32 (74.4%). The most frequent etiology of the original nephropathy was hypertensive vascular nephropathy; 12 (30%) vs 14 (32.6%). Among the clinical manifestations, remission of palpitations and dyspnea on exertion were evidenced in the study group. With regard to blood pressure, for the systolic it ranged from 123 ±13.4 to 120.5 ±9.2 vs. 125.6 ±8.4 to 128 ±8.3 mmHg (p= 0.000), while the diastolic varied from; 76.8 ±7.5 to 76.3 ±6.2 vs. 78.6 ±4.9 to 82.4 ±3.9 mmHg (p= 0.000). The hematocrit had equivalent values; 0.43 ±0.06 and 0.45 ±0.06 vs 0.42 ±0.05 and 0.42 ±0.06 l/l (p= 0.035) and the serum creatinine showed decrease in the operated patients from; 106.8 ±26.2 to 99.8 ±23.9 µMol/l vs 114 ±27.8 to 120.3 ±31 µMol/l (p= 0.002). The echocardiographic variables measured comparatively according to the location of the angioaccesses at the left elbow level; diameter of the left ventricle: 3.12 ±4.08 vs 1.48 ±3.46 mms (p=0.001), ejection fraction of the left ventricle: 2.99 ±5.47 vs -1.98 ±6.23 % (p=0.018) and the telediasolic volume: -23 ±33.41 vs 10.86 ±36.87 ml (p=0.006). The contralateral elbow revealed; for the left ventricular ejection fraction: 3.32 ±3.42 vs -2.18 ±4.78 % (p=0.037) and for cardiac output: -1.29 ±0.88 vs -0.26 ±0.86 l/min (0.020). The conclusions show that the our study has shown that closing the angioaccess to patients with functioning renal transplants with respect to those not operated, contributes to the regression of morphological and hemodynamic alterations observed by transthoracic echocardiography in the left heart at the different locations of the vascular accesses.

Protocolo e instrumentos do processo de enfermagem para a pessoa com fístula arteriovenosa em maturação / Protocol and instruments of the nursing process for people with maturing arteriovenous fistula

Introdução: A hemodiálise representa a principal modalidade de tratamento da Doença Renal Crônica em estágio terminal, sendo necessário para sua realização o estabelecimento de um acesso vascular. Nesse contexto, a fístula arteriovenosa representa o acesso ideal por representar menores complicações quando comparada a outros tipos de acessos, sendo o acompanhamento do processo de maturação pelo enfermeiro fundamental para sua sobrevida, destacando-se a construção de protocolos e instrumentos para um melhor acompanhamento da maturação, devendo estes serem orientados pelo processo de enfermagem. Objetivo: Descrever o processo de elaboração de um protocolo e instrumentos de enfermagem para o acompanhamento à pessoa com fístula arteriovenosa em maturação. Método: Estudo metodológico descritivo de métodos e de síntese de evidências sobre avaliação e acompanhamento do paciente na fase de maturação da fístula arteriovenosa, sendo conduzido em duas fases: 1) revisão das evidências de pesquisa sobre a avaliação da maturação da fístula por meio de uma revisão de escopo; 2) desenvolvimento de um protocolo e instrumentos para aplicação do processo de enfermagem utilizando as taxonomias de enfermagem NANDA-I, NIC e NOC e referencial teórico de Orem. Após a elaboração, o protocolo e instrumentos propostos foram apresentados e submetidos à avaliação-piloto em um serviço de Nefrologia. Resultados: A busca literária resultou em um corpus final de 38 publicações, e obteve-se como achados que o período de avaliação clínica deve ocorrer idealmente dentro de quatro a seis semanas do pós- operatório, com utilização das técnicas de anamnese e Exame Físico, sendo necessários identificar diversos elementos clínicos. Foram propostos um protocolo de enfermagem, um fluxograma de apoio à tomada de decisão do enfermeiro, e instrumentos para coleta de história do paciente, planejamento do cuidado de enfermagem e reavaliação contínua do paciente com fístula em fase de maturação. O teste piloto realizado contribuiu para tornar as tecnologias propostas mais adequadas quanto à clareza e simplicidade sendo considerados o protocolo e instrumentos apresentados válidos, com sugestão de modificações apenas no instrumento de planejamento de cuidados de enfermagem. Conclusão: O estudo permitiu construir tecnologias inovadoras no acompanhamento do paciente em período de maturação da FAV, constituindo meios de acompanhar o paciente de forma sistematizada, de forma a facilitar o planejamento das ações de enfermagem e envolvimento do paciente. Por fim, espera-se que os protótipos produzidos permitam ao enfermeiro colocar em prática as suas competências no cuidado à pessoa com fístula arteriovenosa em maturação, com expectativa de um trabalho futuro de validação dos instrumentais junto a especialistas e futuros usuários.

Introduction: The hemodialysis representing the main treatment modality in the Chronic Renal Disease in terninal stage, requiring the establishment of a vascular access. In this context, arteriovenous fistula represents the ideal access because it represents less complications when compared to other types of access, and the monitoring of the maturation process by the nurse is fundamental for its survival, highlighting the construction of protocols and instruments for better monitoring of maturation, which should be guided by the nursing process. Objective: Describe the process of elaborating a protocol and nursing instruments for monitoring person with a arteriovenous fistula under maturing. Method: Descriptive methodological study of methods and synthesis of evidence on evaluation and monitoring of the patient during the maturation phase of the arteriovenous fistula, being conducted in two phases: 1) review of the research evidence on the assessment of fistula maturation through a scoping review; 2) Development of a protocol and instrumentals for the application of the nursing proccess using the nursing taxonomies NANDA-I, NIC and NOC and Orem's theoretical framework. After elaboration, the proposed protocol and instruments were presented and submitted to a pilot evaluation in a Nephrology service. Results: The literary search resulted in a final corpus of 38 publications, and it was obtained as findings that the period of clinical evaluation should ideally occur within four to six weeks after the operation, using the techniques of anamnesis and Physical Examination, it is necessary to identify several clinical elements. A nursing protocol, a flowchart to support nurses' decision-making, and instruments for collecting the patient's history, planning nursing care and continuous reassessment of the patient with a fistula in the maturation phase were proposed as instrumental measures. The pilot test carried out contributed to make the proposed technologies more adequate in terms of clarity and simplicity, considering the instruments presented as valid with the suggestion of modifications only in the nursing care planning instrument. Conclusion: The study allowed the construction of innovative technologies in patient follow-up during arteriovenous fistula maturation period, constituing a means of monitoring the patient in a systematic way, in order to facilitate the planning of nursing actions and patient involvement. Finally, it is expected that the prototypes produced will allow nurses to put into practice their skills in caring for the person with maturing arteriovenous fistula, with the expectation of future work to validate the instruments with specialists and future users.

Fístula arteriovenosa como tratamento adjunto na revascularização arterial do membro em risco / Arteriovenous fistula as adjuvant treatment in arterial revascularization of an at-risk limb

Resumo A oclusão arterial aguda do membro inferior continua sendo um grande desafio para o cirurgião vascular. A abordagem cirúrgica depende principalmente da gravidade da lesão tecidual e da duração dos sintomas. Diversas técnicas estão disponíveis no arsenal terapêutico atual; porém, independentemente da técnica escolhida, fatores pós-operatórios, como o escoamento arterial limitado e o baixo fluxo nos substitutos arteriais, podem contribuir negativamente no resultado da revascularização. Descrevemos um caso de oclusão arterial aguda de membro inferior, no pós-operatório de uma derivação femorotibial, que se encontrava ocluída devido a limitação de escoamento e a alta resistência vascular periférica. Foi submetido a nova revascularização femorotibial, associada à confecção de uma fístula arteriovenosa, seguido de amputação de antepé e enxerto parcial de pele. O investimento enérgico no membro em risco possibilita reduzir os desfechos desfavoráveis, como amputação e óbito, e acelera a recuperação dos tecidos acometidos pela isquemia aguda.

Abstract Acute arterial occlusion remains a major challenge for the vascular surgeon. The therapeutic approach depends mostly upon the severity of the tissue injury and the duration of symptoms. Several techniques are available in the current therapeutic arsenal, however, regardless of the technique chosen, postoperative factors frequently observed, such as poor outflow status, or even low graft flow, can contribute negatively to the outcome of revascularization. We describe a case of acute limb ischemia, in the postoperative period of a femoral-tibial bypass, which was occluded due to outflow limitation and high peripheral vascular resistance. The patient underwent a second tibial revascularization combined with construction of an arteriovenous fistula, followed by forefoot amputation and partial skin graft. An energetic approach to the at-risk limb makes it possible to reduce unfavorable outcomes, such as amputation and death, and accelerates recovery of tissues affected by acute ischemia.

O volume de fluxo e a velocidade de pico sistólico ao ultrassom vascular com Doppler intraoperatório como preditores de perviedade precoce na fístula arteriovenosa autógena para hemodiálise / Intraoperative vascular Doppler ultrasound blood flow and peak systolic velocity predict early patency in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula

Resumo Contexto A insuficiência renal crônica é um problema de saúde pública mundial. A hemodiálise é a principal terapia renal substitutiva. As fístulas arteriovenosas (FAV) são uma possível escolha, mas apresentam altas taxas de falência. Objetivos Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a relação entre as variáveis hemodinâmicas ao ultrassom vascular com Doppler no intraoperatório e a perviedade precoce da FAV para hemodiálise. Métodos Tratou-se de um estudo prospectivo observacional. Os pacientes consecutivos foram submetidos a FAV com ultrassonografia vascular com Doppler em intraoperatório nos dias 1, 7, 30 e 60. Eles foram divididos em grupos quanto à presença ou não de perviedade primária e secundária, e o volume de fluxo (VF) e a velocidade de pico sistólico (VPS) foram comparados. Foram realizadas curvas receiver operating characteristic (ROC), com definição de valores de VPS e VF com sensibilidade (S) e especificidade (E). Resultados Foram analisados 47 pacientes, os quais preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os valores de VPS e VF intraoperatório foram maiores nos pacientes com perviedade primária e secundária comparados àqueles com falência. Os seguintes valores apresentaram maiores sensibilidade e especificidade para predizer perviedade primária aos 30 dias: 106 cm/s para VPS venoso, S: 75%, E: 71,4%; e 290,5 mL/min para VF arterial, S: 80,6%, E: 85,7%. Para perviedade secundária aos 30 dias, foram observados: 106 cm/s para VPS arterial, S: 72,7%, E: 100%; e 230 mL/min para VF venoso, com S: 86,4%, E: 100%. Para a perviedade primária no 60º dia, foram observados: 106 cm/s para VPS venoso, S: 74,4%, E: 62,5%; e 290,5 mL/min para VF arterial, S: 80%, E: 75%. Conclusões A velocidade de pico sistólico e o VF ao ultrassom vascular com Doppler intraoperatório são preditores de perviedade precoce na FAV para hemodiálise.

Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem. Hemodialysis is the most common renal replacement therapy. Arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) are a possible access option, but early failure rates remain high. Objectives to investigate the value of intraoperative vascular Doppler ultrasound for predicting early AVF patency. Methods Prospective observational study. Consecutive patients undergoing AVF were assessed with vascular Doppler ultrasonography intraoperatively and on days 1, 7, 30, and 60. Patients were divided into groups according to presence or absence of primary and secondary patency. Blood flow (BF) and peak systolic velocity (PSV) were compared. ROC curves were plotted and used to define the PSV and BF values that yielded greatest sensitivity (Sens) and specificity (Spec). Results 47 patients met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Higher intraoperative PSV and BF values were observed in patients who had primary and secondary patency than in patients with access failure. The values with greatest sensitivity and specificity for predicting 30-day primary patency were 106 cm/s for venous PSV (Sens: 75% and Spec: 71.4%) and 290.5 ml/min for arterial blood flow (Sens: 80.6% and Spec 85.7%). Values for 30-day secondary patency were 106 cm/s for arterial PSV (Sens: 72.7%, Spec: 100%) and 230 ml/min for venous blood flow (Sens: 86.4%, Spec100%). Values for 60-day primary patency were 106 cm/s for venous PSV (Sens: 74.4%, Spec: 62.5%) and 290.5 ml/min for arterial blood flow (Sens: 80%, Spec: 75%). Conclusions Peak systolic velocity and blood flow measured using intraoperative vascular Doppler ultrasound can predict early patency of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas.

Tempo de permanência e motivos de retirada do cateter venoso central de pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise ambulatorial / Duration of use and reasons for removal of central venous catheter in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing ambulatory hemodialysis

Introdução: A permanência prolongada de Cateter Venoso Central (CVC) em Hemodiálise (HD) está relacionado a maior risco de complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o tempo, em dias, de permanência e o motivo de retirada do CVC em pacientes renais crônicos submetidos à HD ambulatorial em um seguimento de 10 meses. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo, realizado em unidade de HD de um hospital público no sul do Brasil, no período de janeiro a setembro/2019. A coleta de dados foi realizada pelos pesquisadores a partir de prontuário eletrônico e planilha de registros dos doentes renais crônicos em hemodiálise por CVC de curta e longa permanência no período em estudo. Projeto aprovado no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição. Resultados: Foram avaliados 91 cateteres de 55 pacientes, com prevalência do sexo feminino 33 (60%), média de idade 55 ± 18 anos e cor branca 42 (76,3%). Quarenta e sete (52%) dos CVCs eram de curta permanência, e 70 (76,9%) inseridos em veia jugular direita. O tempo de hemodiálise com CVCs de curta permanência variou de quatro a 190 dias com mediana de 47 dias (21, 7-69, 3) e os de longa permanência de 47 a 1.486 dias, com mediana de 231 (95-676). O principal motivo de retirada dos cateteres foi a troca por outro CVC 17 (36,2%). A taxa de suspeita e/ou infecção foi de 14 (15,4%). Conclusão: O tempo de permanência dos CVC foi prolongado o que expõe os pacientes a riscos. O principal motivo para retirar o CVC não foi a confecção de Fístula Arteriovenosa (FAV), apontando para a necessidade de revisar os processos assistenciais visando modificar e priorizar essa prática. (AU)

Introduction: The prolonged permanence of Central Venous Catheter (CVC) in Hemodialysis (HD) is related to an increased risk of complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate duration of use, in days, and reasons for removal of central venous catheter (CVC) in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing ambulatory hemodialysis in a 10-month follow-up. Methods: This longitudinal, retrospective study was conducted at the hemodialysis unit of a public hospital in southern Brazil, from January to September 2019. Data collection was performed by the researchers using electronic medical records and a spreadsheet of records of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis by short- and long-term CVC in the study period. The project was approved by the institution's Research Ethics Committee. Results: Ninety-one catheters from 55 patients were evaluated. Thirty-three participants were female (60%), mean age was 55 ± 18 years, and 42 were white (76.3%). Forty-seven (52%) CVCs were short-term, and 70 (76.9%) CVCs were inserted in the right jugular vein. Hemodialysis duration with short-term CVCs ranged from four to 190 days with a median of 47 (21.7-69.3) days, and long-term CVCs ranged from 47 to 1486 days with a median of 231 (95-676) days. The main reason for removing the catheter was replacing it with another CVC, in 17 cases (36.2%). The number of cases of infection or suspected infection was 14 (15.4%). Conclusions: The duration of CVC use was prolonged, which exposes patients to risks. The main reason for removing the CVC was not related to creating an arteriovenous fistula, demonstrating the need to review the care processes aiming to modify and prioritize this practice. (AU)

Avaliação clínica da maturação da fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálise: revisão de escopo / Evaluación clínica de la maduración de la fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálisis: revisión de alcance / Arteriovenous fistula maturation clinical assessment for hemodialysis: a scoping review

Resumo Objetivo: Mapear as evidências de pesquisa disponíveis para avaliação clínica da maturação da fístula arteriovenosa. Métodos: Estudo do tipo Scoping review, com busca realizada entre outubro a novembro de 2019 nas bases de dados JBI, Cochrane, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, PubMed, e CINAHL, sendo incluídos estudos com pacientes maiores de 18 anos, com doença renal crônica pré-dialítica ou já em hemodiálise, submetidos à cirurgia da fístula arteriovenosa; texto disponível; e idiomas inglês, espanhol ou português. Foram excluídos estudos relacionados a fase pós-operatória ou relacionados a cuidados com próteses/enxertos arteriovenosos. Resultados: Foram identificadas 1954 publicações elegíveis, dos quais 38 compuseram a amostra final. O estudo compreendeu publicações entre 1998 e 2018, com abrangência internacional do tema (94,7%). O profissional executor da avaliação foi predominantemente o enfermeiro ou equipe de enfermagem (47,4%), e a avaliação teve início no pós-cirúrgico imediato, até meses após a cirurgia. Dentre as técnicas de avaliação clínica, 23 estudos (60,5%) recomendaram o exame físico e 15 (39,5%) a combinação anamnese e exame físico. Conclusão: A presente revisão apresentou o mapeamento de evidências, nas quais a avaliação clínica da fístula arteriovenosa deve incluir anamnese e exame físico, sendo apresentados vários elementos ligados a permeabilidade e respostas vasculares do acesso. Houve a predominância do profissional enfermeiro como avaliador, sendo ressaltada a necessidade do treinamento para execução da avaliação, além de uma avaliação mais abrangente, com aplicação do Processo e Teorias de Enfermagem, e Linguagens Padronizadas, o que pode propiciar um novo campo de investigação e desenvolvimento na área.

Resumen Objetivo: Mapear las evidencias de investigación disponibles para evaluación clínica de la maduración de la fístula arteriovenosa. Métodos: Estudio tipo scoping review, cuya búsqueda fue realizada entre octubre y noviembre de 2019 en las bases de datos JBI, Cochrane, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, PubMed y CINAHL. Se incluyeron estudios con pacientes mayores de 18 años, con enfermedad renal crónica predialítica o ya en hemodiálisis, sometidos a cirugía de fístula arteriovenosa y textos disponibles en inglés, español o portugués. Se excluyeron estudios relacionados con la fase posoperatoria o relacionados con cuidados de prótesis/injertos. Resultados: Se identificaron 1.954 publicaciones elegibles, de las cuales 38 formaron parte de la muestra final. El estudio comprendió publicaciones entre 1998 y 2018, con alcance internacional del tema (94,7 %). El profesional que ejecutó la evaluación fue predominantemente el enfermero o el equipo de enfermería (47,4 %) y la evaluación comenzó en el posoperatorio inmediato, hasta meses después de la cirugía. Entre las técnicas de evaluación clínica, 23 estudios (60,5 %) recomendaron el examen físico y 15 (39,5 %) la combinación entre anamnesis y examen físico. Conclusión: La revisión presentó el mapeo de evidencias, en las cuales la evaluación clínica de la fístula arteriovenosa debe incluir anamnesis y examen físico. También se presentaron varios elementos relacionados con la permeabilidad y respuestas vasculares del acceso. Hubo una predominancia del profesional enfermero como evaluador y se destaca la necesidad de entrenamiento para llevar a cabo la evaluación, además de una evaluación más abarcadora, con aplicación del proceso y teorías de enfermería y un lenguaje estandarizado, lo que puede proporcionar un nuevo campo de investigación y desarrollo del área.

Abstract Objective: To map the available research evidence for arteriovenous fistula maturation clinical assessment. Methods: A scoping review, with a search conducted between October and November 2019 at JBI, Cochrane, Virtual Health Library, PubMed, and CINAHL. Studies with patients over 18 years old, with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease or already under hemodialysis, who underwent arteriovenous fistula surgery were included; available text; and in English, Spanish, and Brazilian Portuguese. Studies related to the postoperative phase or related to care with prostheses/arteriovenous grafts were excluded. Results: One thousand nine hundred and fifty-four eligible studies were identified; 38 made up the final sample. The study comprised studies between 1998 and 2018, with an international scope of the theme (94.7%). The professional who performed the assessment was predominantly the nurse or nursing team (47.4%), and assessment started in the immediate post-surgical period, even months after surgery. Among the clinical assessment techniques, 23 studies (60.5%) recommended physical examination and 15 (39.5%) the combination of medical history and physical examination. Conclusion: This review presented the mapping of evidence, in which arteriovenous fistula clinical assessment must include medical history and physical examination. Several elements related to the permeability and vascular responses of the access were presented. There was a predominance of professional nurses as evaluators. There was need for training to carry out the assessment, in addition to a more comprehensive assessment, with the application of the Nursing Theory and Standardized Languages and Process, which may provide with a new field of research and development in the area.

Procalcitonin as an early marker in the detection of anastomotic intestinal leak in a Universitary Hospital of Bogotá / Procalcitonina como um marcador precoce na detecção de vazamento anastomótico intestinal em um Hospital Universitário de Bogotá

ABSTRACT Introduction: Anastomotic leakage is a complication of intestinal anastomosis, with an incidence of 2%-7% in centers of experience. To be able to achieve an early detection, serological markers such as Procalcitonin were included. Methods: Descriptive retrospective cohort study of patients taken to colorectal surgery with intestinal anastomosis, the objective is to estimate association between procalcitonin (≥2 ng/dl) as an early inflammatory marker and anastomotic leakage in a Coloproctological Service of a highest level of health care hospital, between September 2017 and January 2019. Results: Cohort of 237 patients, 51% women (18-89 years), with multiple comorbidities in 81% of patients, colon cancer was the most operated pathology (53.1%). Laparoscopic approach was the most applied 60.34%, colorectal anastomosis was the most frequently performed (47.26%). Ileocolic anastomosis presented a higher frequency (43.75%-n:7) of dehiscence. Anastomotic leakage was associated with a serum procalcitonin positive 3 days postoperatively (p-value <0.05). Patients with a positive result had 4.28 times higher risk of presenting an anastomotic leak, compared to this risk in those patients with negative results 3 days postoperatively, this association was statistically significant 95% CI (1.34-14.16); p value <0.05. Conclusion: Anastomotic leakage is a source of morbidity in patients taken to intestinal anastomosis. It's necessary to guarantee an early diagnosis of this complication, prevent abscesses and secondary peritonitis, providing adequate treatment and even reducing the associated mortality. We recommend including the procalcitonin in the assessment protocol on the third day of postoperative follow-up.

RESUMO Introdução: O vazamento anastomótico é uma complicação da anastomose intestinal, com uma incidência de 2% a 7% em centros com experiência. Para conseguir uma detecção precoce, foram incluídos marcadores sorológicos como a Procalcitonina. Métodos: Estudo de coorte descritivo e retrospectivo de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia colorretal com anastomose intestinal, cujo objetivo é estimar a associação entre os níveis de procalcitonina (≥ 2 ng/dL) como marcador inflamatório precoce e vazamento anastomótico em um Serviço de Coloproctologia de alto nível de atenção à saúde hospitalar, entre setembro de 2017 a janeiro de 2019. Resultados: Coorte de 237 pacientes, 51% mulheres (18−9 anos), com múltiplas comorbidades em 81% dos pacientes, sendo o câncer de cólon a patologia mais operada (53,1%). A abordagem laparoscópica foi a mais utilizada, em 60,34%, e a anastomose colorretal foi a mais frequentemente realizada (47,26%). A anastomose ileocólica apresentou a maior frequência (43,75%, n = 7) de deiscências. O vazamento anastomótico foi associado a procalcitonina sérica positiva 3 dias após a cirurgia (p < 0,05). Pacientes com resultado positivo tinham um risco 4,28 vezes maior de apresentar vazamento anastomótico, em comparação com esse mesmo risco nos pacientes com resultado negativo 3 dias após a cirurgia, sendo essa associação estatisticamente significativa, (IC95%:1,34−14,16); p < 0,05. Conclusão: O vazamento anastomótico é fonte de morbidade em pacientes encaminhados para anastomose intestinal. É necessário garantir o diagnóstico precoce desta complicação, prevenir abscessos e peritonites secundárias, proporcionando tratamento adequado e até mesmo reduzindo a mortalidade associada. Recomendamos incluir a procalcitonina no protocolo de avaliação no terceiro dia de seguimento pós-operatório.